Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder affecting millions globally, necessitates long-term pharmacotherapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) [1, 7]. While effective in seizure control, AEDs are increasingly recognized for their systemic side effects, particularly their detrimental impact on bone health [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10]. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between antiepileptic medication use, calcium metabolism, and bone mineral density (BMD) in a cohort of adult patients with epilepsy. We assessed various biochemical markers of bone turnover and measured BMD at critical skeletal sites. Our findings suggest a significant association between AED exposure, particularly with enzyme-inducing AEDs and polypharmacy, and adverse alterations in calcium homeostasis and reduced BMD. These results underscore the importance of routine monitoring of bone health parameters in patients on long-term AED therapy to facilitate early intervention and mitigate the risk of debilitating bone complications.

The rapidly evolving cyber threat landscape has necessitated the development of sophisticated frameworks and methodologies to protect organizational information assets. This research explores integrative approaches to cyber threat intelligence (CTI) and intrusion analysis, emphasizing the functional deployment of cybersecurity situation centers, the diamond model of intrusion analysis, and the cyber kill chain framework. The study synthesizes contemporary literature and empirical insights to provide a comprehensive understanding of how intelligence-driven strategies enhance organizational cybersecurity resilience. A detailed examination of threat intelligence gathering, contextualization, and application is conducted, highlighting cognitive, technical, and operational considerations in detecting, analyzing, and mitigating cyber attacks. Furthermore, the research explores unified approaches to kill chain modeling, emphasizing how such integration can inform real-time threat detection, prioritization, and response. The findings underscore the importance of combining structured analytical models with dynamic, context-aware intelligence to counter increasingly sophisticated cyber adversaries. The study concludes with recommendations for operationalizing these frameworks in organizational contexts, highlighting limitations and future research directions for enhancing proactive cybersecurity postures.