Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging plays a critical role in functional assessment and metabolic characterization of diseases, particularly in oncology, neurology, and cardiology. However, PET image quality is often compromised by noise, low spatial resolution, and limited photon counts, necessitating advanced reconstruction techniques. This study proposes an innovative hybrid reconstruction framework that leverages structural guidance from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to enhance PET image restoration. The approach integrates anatomical priors, nonlocal regularization, and iterative optimization strategies to improve image fidelity while preserving clinically relevant features.
The proposed method combines Bayesian reconstruction principles with MR-informed constraints to guide the PET reconstruction process. A multi-parametric framework is introduced to incorporate both structural and functional information, enabling improved delineation of anatomical boundaries. Additionally, advanced regularization techniques, including edge-preserving priors and level-set-based constraints, are utilized to mitigate noise amplification while maintaining spatial accuracy. The model further integrates adaptive weighting mechanisms to balance MR influence and PET signal integrity.
Experimental validation is conducted using both simulated and clinical datasets, including brain and whole-body PET-MR scans. The results demonstrate significant improvements in spatial resolution, contrast recovery, and quantitative accuracy compared to conventional reconstruction techniques such as OSEM and penalized likelihood methods. The framework also exhibits robustness to motion artifacts and reconstruction inconsistencies.
This research contributes a novel methodological advancement in PET image reconstruction by effectively integrating structural MRI information. The findings highlight the potential of hybrid imaging approaches to enhance diagnostic reliability and quantitative precision. Limitations related to computational complexity and dependency on MR quality are discussed, along with future directions for real-time implementation and deep learning integration.

Speech and language disorders remain one of the most common neurodevelopmental problems among primary school children and significantly affect academic achievement, social interaction, and cognitive development. The present study aimed to analyze the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of speech development disorders in primary school children diagnosed with specific language impairment (SLI). A total of 80 children aged 7–10 years were examined using standardized speech assessment methods, neuropsychological testing, and clinical neurological evaluation. The results demonstrated that expressive speech impairment was observed in 62.5% of children, phonological processing deficits in 55%, and lexical-grammatical difficulties in 48.7%. In addition, many children showed mild cognitive and attention difficulties, suggesting a complex neurodevelopmental basis of speech disorders. Early identification and targeted correction programs are essential to improve academic and social outcomes in this population.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex of interrelated disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, which lead to structural and functional changes in the internal organs. Of particular importance in the pathogenesis of MS are lesions of the liver (non- alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) and pancreas (non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease, NAFLD). This article presents an analysis of morphological changes in the hepatobiliary system and pancreatic tissue in experimental rodent models of MS. The dynamics of steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis, and cell apoptosis depending on the duration of dietary exposure are considered. Particular attention is paid to the correlation between morphometric parameters (pancreatic islet diameter, adipocyte area, degree of fatty infiltration) and metabolic disorders (insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia). The role of intestinal endotoxemia and oxidative stress in the development of organ damage is discussed.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of natural antioxidants on the state of endothelial function in patients with IHD and chronic heart failure (CHF). Sixty patients with IHD were examined. Stable exertional angina of FC II-III, complicated CHF, middle-aged from 45-60 years. It was found that the inclusion of tivortine in the complex therapy of patients with CHF can reduce the manifestations of vascular endothelial dysfunction, which indicates the promise of using the drug for the purpose of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and CHF.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major medical and social problem associated with a high risk of cardiovascular complications, disability, and mortality. Arterial hypertension is one of the most important factors contributing to the onset and progression of CKD. Persistent elevation of blood pressure leads to renal microvascular damage, glomerular hypertension, nephrosclerosis, albuminuria, and progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate. At the same time, impaired renal function contributes to sodium and fluid retention, activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, and further elevation of blood pressure. This creates a vicious pathogenetic circle that accelerates the progression of renal dysfunction. The aim of this article is to evaluate the role of arterial hypertension in the progression of chronic kidney disease and to analyze the clinical and functional indicators associated with an unfavorable prognosis. The review highlights the prognostic importance of blood pressure level, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, cardiovascular comorbidity, and duration of hypertension in patients with CKD.

The leading pathogenetic mechanisms of stress development are associated with deterioration of human functional state, subsequent decrease in work performance, and disease development. The relevance of studying immobilization stress and using the ELI-Neuro-Test is driven by the need to understand the mechanisms of organism adaptation to extreme exposures and to diagnose early pathological changes. The most promising markers for identifying changes associated with chronic immobilization stress are antibodies to NF-200 and antibodies to the voltage-gated calcium channel (V-GCC). These assessment criteria will be more informative when included in a multifactorial diagnostic panel.

Background: Iatrogenic trigeminal nerve injuries, particularly of the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves, represent a severe and disabling complication of dental procedures such as third molar extractions, implant placement, and endodontic treatment. While up to 90% of such injuries are transient, 10–18% become permanent if symptoms persist beyond six months. The primary pathogenetic mechanism is compression-ischemic syndrome within rigid anatomical canals, where post-traumatic edema leads to axonal hypoxia and demyelination.

Purpose: To improve treatment efficacy and reduce rehabilitation time in patients with iatrogenic trigeminal nerve injuries by implementing an early pathogenetic therapy algorithm combining anti-exudative intervention with modern physiotherapeutic methods.

Methods: A retrospective and prospective analysis was conducted on 60 patients with iatrogenic injuries to the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves. The main group (n=50) received complex pathogenetic therapy including early anti-edematous agents (glucocorticosteroids, venotonics) and physiotherapeutic methods (low-level laser therapy, magnetotherapy) within 24–72 hours post-injury. The comparison group (n=10) received standard treatment limited to B-complex vitamins and NSAIDs.

Results: Complete sensory recovery was achieved in 72% of the main group versus 30% of the comparison group. Mean recovery time was 3–4 months in the main group compared to 6–8 months in the comparison group. Chronic neuropathic pain developed in only 8% of the main group versus 50% of the comparison group. Early dexamethasone administration reduced paresthesia resolution time by 4–6 days and decreased permanent neuropathy risk by nearly 46%.

Conclusion: Early initiation of anti-edematous therapy combined with physiotherapeutic methods significantly enhances treatment efficacy, shortens rehabilitation periods, and minimizes the risk of chronic neurological complications following iatrogenic trigeminal nerve injuries.