HIV infection remains disproportionately concentrated among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa, reflecting complex interactions between sociostructural, behavioral, and philosophical determinants. This study develops a multidimensional analytical framework integrating sociological, epidemiological, and philosophical perspectives to systematically examine HIV vulnerability among AGYW. Drawing exclusively on existing empirical and theoretical literature, the research synthesizes evidence on socioeconomic inequalities, gendered power dynamics, stigma, and cultural epistemologies such as Ubuntu and Hunhu. The methodology adopts a conceptual modeling approach grounded in realist evaluation and systems thinking, enabling the identification of interconnected determinants influencing HIV risk. Findings indicate that structural inequities, including poverty, gender inequality, and limited access to prevention technologies, interact with psychosocial and cultural factors to amplify vulnerability. Additionally, philosophical frameworks provide critical insight into community-based responses and stigma mitigation strategies. The study contributes by proposing a holistic, context-sensitive model for HIV vulnerability assessment, emphasizing the need for integrated interventions that address both structural and normative dimensions. The framework offers implications for policy design, program implementation, and future research aimed at reducing HIV incidence among AGYW in sub-Saharan Africa.

HIV vulnerability, adolescent girls and young women, sub-Saharan Africa

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